Further, few studies have addressed the effects of working class, i.e., collar colour occupations, on the association between long working hours and occupational health. It has been argued that occupation is a factor in health inequality among workers 56,57. Therefore, the influence of occupation on the association between long working hours and occupational health needs to be investigated. Unless specifically exempted, employees covered by the Act must receive overtime pay for hours worked in excess of 40 in a workweek at a rate not less than time and one-half their regular rates of pay. The Act does not require overtime pay for work on Saturdays, Sundays, holidays, or regular days of rest, as such. Subsequently, the studies were examined to ensure that they fulfilled certain criteria for meta-analysis.

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One of the reasons resulting in fatigue or exhaustion was undoubtedly insufficient sleep 85. Exhaustion adversely influences the performance of workers and the productivity of organisations 94,95,96,97. Sleep disturbance was also a health problem yielding a significant effect in the conditions of related health and involves difficulty in falling asleep, insomnia and disorder during different stages of sleep 98. Sleep disturbance affects the mental health, circadian rhythms and cognitive function of workers 99,100. In the long-term, sleep disturbance can lead to cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes 101.

Overtime and complementary hours: what are the tax advantages for the company?

However, some findings differ from such results in that working more than 50 h per week decreased the risk what is overtime for 13 an hour of ischemic heart diseases 20 and myocardial infarction 9. A meta-analysis conducted by Kang et al. 21 indicated that the odds ratio of the effect of long working hours on cardiovascular diseases was 1.37. Another meta-analysis conducted by Virtanen et al. 19 had reported the effect of long working hours on coronary heart disease with a relative risk of 1.39.

How to calculate your total pay with overtime?

Further investigation is needed on this odds ratio discrepancy for the effects of long working hours on occupational health. Virtanen et al. 19 only investigated the association between long working hours and coronary heart disease. The meta-analysis reported here covered different types of occupational health illnesses, making comparisons difficult. The federal overtime provisions are contained in the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Unless exempt, employees covered by the Act must receive overtime pay for hours worked over 40 in a workweek at a rate not less than time and one-half their regular rates of pay. There is no limit in the Act on the number of hours employees aged 16 and older may work in any workweek.

Overtime and complementary hours entitle employees to a reduction in Social Security contributions proportional to their remuneration, up to a maximum of 21.5%. Paying overtime and complementary hours can be beneficial to your company’s tax situation. This fact sheet provides general information concerning the application of the overtime pay provisions of the FLSA . “Is Extra Pay Required For Weekend Or Night Work?”Additional information about overtime pay. Fact Sheet on the Overtime Pay Requirements of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (PDF)Provides general information concerning the application of the overtime pay provisions of the FLSA. Note that certain states do not income summary permit the fluctuating workweek calculation method.

Webb Co. (Webb), a plumbing supply company headquartered in Bedford, Massachusetts, for misclassifying over 700 inside sales representatives as exempt administrative employees. Some states, like California and Washington, set higher exemption rates. Find out what they can do for you, and how to recruit them properly. Adopt the perfect recruiter’s assistant and automate the sorting and management of applications, personalize follow-up and save time with all-in-one software. Marion Pageot shares her best practices for effective employer branding and recruitment. Otherwise, overtime worked in excess of this limit is taxable and therefore subject to withholding tax.

• This meta-analysis synthesised 243 records from 46 papers published from 1998 to 2018 to examine the effect of long working hours on the occupational health of workers.
• Willful violations may result in fines of up to $1,100 per violation and even higher penalties, up to $11,000, for repeat offenses—along with back pay obligations for affected employees.
• “Is Extra Pay Required For Weekend Or Night Work?”Additional information about overtime pay from the elaws FLSA Advisor.
• The regular rate includes all remuneration for employment except certain payments excluded by the Act itself.
• Although there’s no federal requirement to offer overtime pay on national holidays, most private sectorcompanies either give their employees time and a half, or the day off with pay.
• Interestingly, this study also showed that female workers had a higher chance of experiencing short sleep duration than male workers when both worked 51 to 60 h per week.

Overtime Laws and Regulations

This rate applies to employees in executive, administrative, or professional roles, exempting them from overtime pay if they meet the duties criteria. Employees who don’t meet all three conditions are considered non-exempt and are eligible for overtime pay. Finally, both overtime and complementary hours are exempt from income tax and give rise to reductions in employee social security contributions. Only overtime is eligible for a lump-sum deduction in employer social security contributions. Overtime, on the other hand, is limited to a total working week of 35 hours, and is paid at a premium of between 10% and 25% of salary. In short, overtime is worked between 35 and 48 hours a week, and is paid at a premium of between 25% and 50% of the salary, or with compensatory time off.

Virtanen et al. 48 found that the odds ratios for both males and females working more than 55 h per week were higher than those working 41 to 55 h per week. Nakashima et al. 47 found that the values for odds ratios between long working hours and short sleep duration were proportional to the relationship with the working hours. Artazcoz et al. 8 showed that the odds ratio between working 51 to 60 h per week and short sleep duration was higher than the odds ratio for working 41 to 50 h per week. Interestingly, this study also showed that female workers had a higher chance of experiencing short sleep duration than male workers when both worked 51 to 60 h per week.

• In such cases, employers must use the blended rate or weighted average of all rates paid in order to calculate the overtime premium due for hours worked over 40 in the workweek.
• Overtime Calculator is used to calculate the money you make based on your regular hourly rate and overtime rate.
• Find out what they can do for you, and how to recruit them properly.
• However, different proportions of males and females involved in the data might influence the result.

The effects of health measures were grouped in five categories (PH, MH, HB, RH and NH). The condition of nonspecified health was precluded because there was only one subgroup. The meta-regression p-values of PH, MH, HB and RH were 0.000, 0.407, 0.521 and 0.048, respectively. The effects of study design, cut-off point for long working hours, country of origin and health measure in the conditions of physiological health and related health were statistically significant. The effect size was not influenced by gender, diagnosis method, working class, mental health or related health.